James Henry Randolph was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 1st congressional district of Tennessee. He was born near Dandridge, Tennessee in Jefferson County on October 18, 1825. He attended New Market Academy and graduated from Holston College in New Market, Tennessee. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1850, and commenced practice in Dandridge, Tennessee.
He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, and 1861. He served in the Tennessee Senate in 1865. He was elected judge of the second judicial circuit of Tennessee in 1869. He was re-elected after the Tennessee state constitutional convention in 1870. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress, serving from March 4, 1877 to March 3, 1879. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and milling. He died on August 22, 1900 in Newport, Tennessee in Cocke County. He was interred in Union Cemetery.